An angel . Renaissance paintings of Madonna and Child, Coronation of the Virgin (Filippo Lippi, Uffizi), Coronation of the Virgin by Angelico (Louvre), Coronation of the Virgin by Angelico (Uffizi), Death of the Virgin by Michele Coltellini, Paintings by Carpaccio for Santa Maria degli Albanesi (Venice), Paintings of Virgin Mary by Leonardo da Vinci, Paintings of Virgin Mary by Raffaello Sanzio, Renaissance paintings of the Adoration of the Magi, 6 Botticini Raffaello Madonna della Misericordia e donatori 1500-1520 Bologna, Pinacoteca Nazionale.jpg, Bernhard Strigel Abschied Christi von seiner Mutter.jpg, Crivelli, Carlo-The Virgin Annunciate.jpg, Frei Carlos - Apario de Cristo a Nossa Senhora.jpg, Garofalo, Benvenuto Tisi da The Virgin Mary, the Holy Trinity, the Church Fathers and symbols of Mary 1525-1530.jpg, Hans Memling - A Virgem em Lamentao.jpg, Polittico di Ponteranica, vergine annunciata.jpg, Francesco di Giorgio Martini - The Disrobing of Christ - WGA08134.jpg, Francesco di Giorgio, Disrobing of Christ.jpg, Virgin Annunciate (by Antonello da Messina) - Galleria Regionale della Sicilia, Palermo.jpg, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Renaissance_paintings_of_Virgin_Mary&oldid=236977426, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. She is found high above the apse, or east end of the church where the liturgy is celebrated in the West. Even more precious is the bright blue mantle colored with lapis lazuli, a stone imported from Afghanistan. The Virgin Mary, or the Madonna, is one of the most popular tropes in Western religious art. The Virgin and Child with St. Anne is a painting produced by Leonardo Da Vinci around 1503. a partnership in which the artists own interpretations of sacred art were encouraged and fostered.[39] The Jesuits sourced small paintings, prints and sculptures from Europe for the Indian sculptors to use as reference, and the indigenous artists used their own traditions for fashioning such figures. The Medieval and Renaissance Altarpiece - Khan Academy There are other Dominicans following closely behind him. Denver: Frederick and Jan Mayer Center for Pre-Columbian and Spanish Colonial Art, Denver Art Museum, 2004. The socalled Madonna della seggiola shows both of them: the Virgin embraces the infant Jesus, near John the Baptist. The dramatic power and emotional intensity of Rogier's paintings exerted a powerful influence his contemporaries. A vase of carnations, indicating divine love, was a popular motif in northern Italian Renaissance painting . "[33], The Islamic scholar Martin Lings narrated the event thus in his biography of the Prophet: "Christians sometimes came to do honour to the Sanctuary of Abraham, and they were made welcome like all the rest. [37], "An impressive idol of Devaki, carrying the infant lord on her waist, stands at the inner sanctum of the temple. While the range of religious subject matter included subjects from the Old Testament and images of saints whose cults date after the codification of the Bible, the Madonna remained a dominant subject in the iconography of the Renaissance. The standard depiction in Christian art. Fra Angelico (Guido di Pietro) The Adoration of the Shepherds Andrea Mantegna The Agony in the Garden Raphael (Raffaello Sanzio or Santi) The Annunciation Botticelli (Alessandro di Mariano Filipepi) Christ in the Wilderness Moretto da Brescia (Alessandro Bonvicino) The Dormition of the Virgin; (reverse) Christ Carrying the Cross Hans Schufelein Maria Montessori, Italian doctor and pioneer in pedagogy, wrote that it was her wish that the Madonna della seggiola hang in each. These images are central icons for both the Catholic and Orthodox churches. The picture is of the Virgin Mother, Christ child and infant John the Baptist, one of many paintings by Raphael with this trio. One of Marys titles is Seat of Wisdom, thus it makes sense that she would often be depicted with a book. Madonna (art) - Wikipedia [41] Churches in India, such as Tamil Nadu's Sanctuary of Our Lady of Vailankanni which was deemed a basilica by the Roman Catholic Church in 1962, similarly housed idols of Mary clad in a traditional saree. The painting, one of Botticelli's earliest, reveals Botticelli's close artistic relationship with his teacher, Filippo Lippi, and is modelled on the latter's The Virgin and Child with Two Angels. During the late Middle Ages, the religion of the virgin and the art created to honor her rose to prominence, and these designations are a direct reflection of that. Saint Catherine's Monastery in the Sinai, Egypt. "Through their work, the Patrons ensure that the unique spiritual and cultural mission of the Vatican Museums continues to flourish, and that these works of art endure and inspire millions each year and for generations to come," she said. Mary opens a girdle book covered in green fabric. The artwork is notable for its accurate depiction of the Madonna as well as for Raphaels use of the tondo compositional form. or Best Offer. Contested Visions in the Spanish Colonial World. These images dictated said virtues of motherhood, domesticity, and purity for cloistered and secular women to emulate. Piet, as a theme in Christian art, depiction of the Virgin Mary supporting the body of the dead Christ. A very popular Catholic image, which was certainly in Rome by 1499. Byzantine art played a long, critical role in Western Europe, especially when Byzantine territories included parts of Eastern Europe, Greece and much of Italy itself. According to reports collected by Ibn Ishaq and al-Azraqi, Muhammad did, however, protectively put his hand over a painting of Mary and Jesus, and a fresco of Abraham in order to keep them from being effaced. Of all the Marian devotions in the Spanish viceroyalties, the Virgin of Guadalupe established a cult presence. Known as the Maesta (13081311), the image represents the pair as the center of a densely populated court in the central part of a complexly carpentered work that lifts the court upon a predella (pedestal of altarpiece) of narrative scenes and standing figures of prophets and saints. Most works of art from this era are sacred. Evolution in the History of Paintings of the Virgin - Robin Urton When he saw this idol through the main doorway, he immediately saluted the image and went on his knees, considering it the image of Mother Mary, with baby Jesus [38], During the Portugese reign in Goa starting from the 16th Century, the Indo-Portuguese ivory statuettes made, reflected such similarities. The spectator, after all, is meant to sympathize, to share in the despair of the mother who holds the body of her crucified son. Many such images were produced in glazed terracotta as well as paint. In a 15th-century Italian variation, a baby John the Baptist looks on. "[34], In the art history of the Indian subcontinent there are striking similarities found in between the images of Madonna and Christ Child, and Yashoda or Devaki and Krishna, as both the Hindu and the Christian figures of the "eternal child"[35] are shown cuddled warmly on the laps of their mother. The Piet was widely represented in both painting and sculpture, being one of the most poignant visual . One day, he visited Chodan Island. These artists, were influenced by the various depictions of Christ in the European prints which had infiltrated the market of the time. By the next century the iconic depiction of the Virgin enthroned carrying the infant Christ was established, as in the example from the only group of icons surviving from this period, at Saint Catherine's Monastery in Egypt. This page is not available in other languages. Rare. Object and Apparition: Envisioning the Christian Divine in the Colonial Andes. Nursing Madonna Barnaba da Modena, 1350-75, Louvre The Nursing Madonna, Virgo Lactans, or Madonna Lactans, is an iconography of the Madonna and Child in which the Virgin Mary is shown breastfeeding the infant Jesus. The earliest depictions of Mary date to Early Christian art of the (2nd to 3rd centuries, found in the Catacombs of Rome. Category : Renaissance paintings of Virgin Mary - Wikimedia Only the most prestigious of commissions would have been painted with ultramarine, as seen in the blue robes of the Virgin Mary in Grard Davids Virgin and Child with Female Saints. Marian images and devotions became part of the diverse visual cultures in Latin America, informing the daily lives of populations in colonial Mexico and Peru, so much so that the devotion to Mary would inspire revolution and continue to permeate present-day spirituality and identity in Latin America. The Virgin Mary and the Incarnation of Christ were also frequently portrayed, though the Passion of Christ (and his resurrection) most frequently provided the backdrop for the mystery of Transubstantiation celebrated on the altar. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2014. Her center-split hair and cinched sash are Aztec styles, referencing her place of appearance in Tepeyac that was once the temple of the mother goddess Tonatzin. Damian, Carol. Mary, Mother and Warrior: The Virgin in Spain and the Americas. . Many of Raphaels best-known works lists contain the Madonna della Sedia because of how highly it is thought of. List features items like Piet and The Madonna of Port Lligat. While Hubert and Jan van Eyck did collaborate on numerous religious works after their 1432 masterwork, none were as well received. There are many examples of the Madonna and Child theme throughout Christian art. Middle Ages and Renaissance. Visualizing Guadalupe: from Black Madonna to Queen of the Americas. While the 15th and 16th centuries were a time when Italian painters expanded their repertoire to include historical events, independent portraits and mythological subject matter, Christianity retained a strong hold on their careers. Colonists used these devotional images as visual displays of spiritual piety and storytelling. This is the case of one of the most famous, innovative and monumental works that Duccio executed for the Laudesi at Santa Maria Novella in Florence. "You have to get through a long phase in which more historical information is being gathered both through the archives and compare this with a careful reading of the literature existing on that particular panel painting and then you prepare the proposal of a 'therapy' to follow, much like you would do with a medicine," Cornini said. But Quraysh were more or less insensitive to this contrast: for them it was simply a question of increasing the multitude of idols by another two; and it was partly their tolerance that made them so impenetrable. Apart from the icon of the Virgin Mary and the child Jesus, and a painting of an old man, said to be Abraham, the walls inside had been covered with pictures of pagan deities. The Greek title of (Despoina) was adopted as Latin Domina "Lady". [30], The first important encounter between Islam and the image of the Madonna is said to have happened during the Prophet Muhammad's conquest of Mecca. It was sold to the National Gallery in 1865 after about five decades of ownership by the Lord and Lady Garvagh, The Madonna della seggiola or Madonna della sedia is a Madonna painting by the Italian renaissance artist Raphael, dating to c. 1513-1514 and housed in the Palazzo Pitti collection in Florence. The Guadalupes influence continued to be instrumental in the Chicano (Mexican American) Movement which began in the 1960s, as artists juxtaposed Baroque iconography with commercial ready-made objects such as the Carta Blanca bottle caps as a commentary on cultural consumption and identity. 1665. As part of this free service you may receive occasional offers from us at EWTN News and EWTN. Dr. Harris: Well then let's remember that the Virgin Mary was the protector of the city of Siena. It is difficult to gauge the dates of the cluster of these earlier images, however, they seem to be primarily works of the 7th and 8th centuries. A very similar detail is present in the Madonna of the Book (1480) by Sandro Botticelli. In some European countries, such as Germany, Italy and Poland sculptures of the Madonna are found on the outside of city houses and buildings, or along the roads in small enclosures. Examples include, Girlhood of Mary, is iconography that features the Virgin Mary as a child, often learning needlework, and examples include, This page was last edited on 20 June 2023, at 01:51. [7][8] Ultramarine was usually reserved for only the most important commissions, such as the blue robes of the Virgin Mary in Grard Davids Virgin and Child with Female Saints. The Madonna of Foligno is a painting by the Italian High Renaissance painter Raphael. The paintings subject, the saintly Anne, appears as a wrinkly old grandma watching the scene unfold. In the central scene we have this beautiful Medieval interior. Her supernatural apparition coupled with miraculous wonders, led to the production of endless images for churches, convents, schools, government palaces, and homes. The term "Madonna" is often applied to representations of Mary that were not created by Italians. European images including included sculptures, paintings, prints, and jewelry incorporated pendants, rosaries, and scapulars from the Early Modern and Baroque periods. However, late medieval Italian artists also followed the trends of Byzantine icon painting, developing their own methods of depicting the Madonna. [15], The earliest consistent representations of Mother and Child were developed in the Eastern Empire, where despite an iconoclastic strain in culture that rejected physical representations as "idols", respect for venerated images was expressed in the repetition of a narrow range of highly conventionalized types, the repeated images familiar as icons (Greek "image"). By Ravi Mangla June 8, 2015 Arts & Culture A brief history of ultramarine. Both paintings show the Madonna and Child Jesus with the infant John the Baptist and an angel, in a rocky setting which gives the paintings their usual name. These names signal both the increased importance of the cult of the virgin and the prominence of art in service to Marian devotion during the late medieval period. [40][39][36], Whereas, in Bengal, the Chore Bagan Art Studio, the Kansaripara Art Studio and the Calcutta Art Studio, produced homegrown prints around the second-half of the nineteenth century. Rest on The Flight into Egypt, c. 1510,[21] by Gerard David, depicts a close, intimate moment of tenderness where she only has eyes for the Child. Later in the Middle Ages, the Cretan school was the main source of icons for the West, and the artists there could adapt their style to Western iconography when required. Boston, Mass. [26], In the 1920s, the Daughters of the American Revolution placed statues called the Madonna of the Trail from coast to coast, marking the path of the old National Road and the Santa Fe Trail. Manual changes to the list will be removed on the next update! A consistent subject throughout the Renaissance was the depiction of the Virgin Mary, depicted on her throne with the infant Jesus. Painting the Life of Christ in Medieval and Renaissance Italy The Madonna is accompanied most often by the infant Christ, but there are several important types that show her alone. High Renaissance Art and Architecture | TheArtStory The Virgin Mary Themes in Art | Obelisk Art History The entire painting stands at twenty two feet high, and it is said to be the most famous painting of Mary's assumption that was ever created. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2004. Byzantine manuscripts, ivories, gold, silver and luxurious textiles were distributed throughout the West. Often her gaze is directed out at the viewer, serving as an intercessor, or conduit for prayers that flow from the Christian, to her, and only then, to her son. There was a great expansion of the cult of Mary after the Council of Ephesus in 431, when her status as Theotokos ("God-bearer") was confirmed; this had been a subject of some controversy until then, though mainly for reasons to do with arguments over the nature of Christ. Italian artists of the 15th century onward are indebted to traditions established in the 13th and 14th centuries in their representation of the Madonna. [27], Throughout his life, the painter Ray Martn Abeyta created works inspired by the Cusco School style of Madonna painting, creating a hybrid of traditional and contemporary Latino subject matter representing the colonialist encounters between Europeans and Mesoamericans. [36] Nirendranath Chakraborty, one of the finest modern poets of Bengal wrote, taking forward this imagery of the mother and the child, wrote a famous poem entitled "Kolkatar Jishu" (The Jesus of Calcutta).[42]. In the 17th century, Italian Renaissance art became synonymous with the name Madonna, which means image or statue of the Virgin Mary in English. The most famous Byzantine image, the, The "Madonna enthroned" is a type of image that dates from the, Half-length Madonnas are the form most frequently taken by painted icons of the Eastern Orthodox Church, where the subject matter is highly formulated so that each painting expresses one particular attribute of the "Mother of God". He has painted the peice outside of time and place. The Cuzco School created artworks for export to Italy, and within the viceroyalty, to present-day Colombia, Buenos Aires, and Bolivia. Virgin Mary Stained glass panel ORIGINAL Ukraine painting. First painted on wood panel, it was later transferred to canvas. Black Madonna of Czstochowa - Wikipedia The establishment of the Spanish viceroyalties ushered in the creation of new popular devotions and art production depicting the Virgin Mary in the Americas in the Early Modern period. She is writing the opening of the Magnificat on the right-hand page of a book; on the left page is part of the Benedictus. This miniature exhibition explores the origins, diaspora, and transformations of Marian iconography from the IMAS Permanent Collection that are available to be experienced here in the Rio Grande Valley. All structured data from the file namespace is available under the. It is currently housed in the Palazzo Pitti Collection in Florence, Italy. Its expense registers in the use of thin sheets of real gold leaf in all parts of the panel that are not covered with paint, a visual analogue not only to the costly sheaths that medieval goldsmiths used to decorate altars, but also a means of surrounding the image of the Madonna with illumination from oil lamps and candles. $61.20. Over 100 Ranker voters have come together to rank this list of The Greatest Famous Works of Blessed Virgin Mary Art, The Most Awkward Movies to Watch with Your Parents, Movies Based On Books You Should Have Read In 8th Grade, Dont think about making art, just get it done. Front Royal, VA: Christendom Press, 2002. The painting in the IMAS presents a pastel color palette and a complex composition reminiscent of the Mannerist period. The subject retaining the greatest power on all of these men remained the maternal bond, even though other subjects, especially the Annunciation, and later the Immaculate Conception, led to a greater number of paintings that represented Mary alone, without her son. Leonardo da Vinci painted one of the most famous images of a mother and child from the Italian Renaissance. Each year the Vatican Museums curators put together a "wish book" of art pieces in the museums that most urgently need restorations. Customarily when she is represented as a youthful mother of her newborn child, she wears a deeply saturated blue mantle over a red garment. Far from the virtuous connotation of a rose in the hand of the Virgin Mary are the rose petals strewn in Venus' lap and the wreath of myrtleboth attributes of the goddess and known from classical texts as emblems of venereal . Though the years Blessed Virgin Mary has been a reoccurring subject in the world of art, drawing inspiration from renowned artists all around the world If any amazing Blessed Virgin Mary art pieces are missing, feel free to add them below. After the war, the painting was sent to Moscow, and it wasnt until 1955 that it was returned to Germany. The . The Madonna of humility by Domenico di Bartolo, 1433, is considered one of the most innovative devotional images from the early Renaissance.[20]. [39] "The Portuguese had settled with the aim to dominate the spice trade and spread their Christian faith, and these small, portable ivory statues would embellish the church altars and Goan homes, and were also transported abroad serving to fulfil their later project. The three newly restored pieces of art on display in the exhibit are a five-panel polyptych, "Madonna and Child with Saints" (1481), "Madonna and Child" (1482), and a "Pieta" (1488-1489). Since the 13th century, when chivalry and aristocratic culture began to have a greater impact on poetry, song, and visual arts, the Madonna has frequently been depicted as the enthroned queen of heaven (see, for example, the Ognissanti Madonna). The Assumption of the Virgin, 1516-18 by Titian According to a tradition first recorded in the 8th century, and still strong in the Eastern Church, the iconography of images of Mary goes back to a portrait drawn from life by Luke the Evangelist, with a number of icons (such as the Panagia Portaitissa) claimed to either represent this original icon or to be a direct copy of it. It is a three part painting, it actually shows one continuous space. Both artists and artisans creatively reproduced and reinterpreted the large corpus of European Marian devotions. 15th-century paintings of Virgin Mary by artist, Paintings of Virgin Mary by Carlo Crivelli, Paintings of Virgin Mary by Alessandro Allori, Paintings of Virgin Mary by William-Adolphe Bouguereau, Paintings of Virgin Mary by Agnolo Bronzino, Paintings of Virgin Mary by Vittore Carpaccio, Paintings of Virgin Mary by Annibale Carracci, Paintings of Virgin Mary by Joos van Cleve, Paintings of Virgin Mary by Eugne Delacroix, Paintings of Virgin Mary by Luca Giordano, Paintings of Virgin Mary by Joan de Joanes, Paintings of Virgin Mary by Jacob Jordaens, Paintings of Virgin Mary by Leonardo da Vinci, Paintings of Virgin Mary by Simone Martini, Paintings of Virgin Mary by Luis de Morales, Paintings of Virgin Mary by Palma il Giovane, Paintings of Virgin Mary by Nicolas Poussin, Paintings of Virgin Mary by Raffaello Sanzio, Paintings of Virgin Mary by Antoniazzo Romano, Paintings of Virgin Mary by Giulio Romano, Paintings of Virgin Mary by Peter Paul Rubens, Paintings of Virgin Mary by Juan de Valds Leal, Paintings of the Adoration by the shepherds by century, Paintings of the Assumption of Mary by century, Paintings of the Coronation of Mary by century, Paintings of Dormition of Virgin Mary by century, Paintings of Education of Virgin Mary by century, Paintings of Madonna and Child by century, Paintings of the Marriage of the Virgin by century, Paintings of Our Lady of the Pillar by century, Paintings of Presentation of Virgin Mary by century, Paintings of Our Lady of the Rosary by century, Paintings of Our Lady of the Rosary by country, Paintings of the Assumption of Mary by country, Paintings of the Coronation of Mary by country, Paintings of Dormition of Virgin Mary by country, Paintings of Education of Virgin Mary by country, Paintings of Our Lady of Guadalupe by country, Paintings of the life of the Virgin Mary by country, Paintings of Madonna and Child by country, Paintings of the Marriage of the Virgin by country, Paintings of Our Lady of Mercy by country, Paintings of Our Lady of the Pillar by country, Paintings of Virgin Mary in the Czech Republic, Paintings of Virgin Mary in the Dominican Republic, Paintings of Virgin Mary in the Netherlands, Paintings of Virgin Mary in the Philippines, Paintings of Presentation of Virgin Mary by country, Paintings of Virgin Mary in the United Kingdom, Paintings of Virgin Mary in the United States, Paintings of Virgin Mary in the Vatican City, Paintings of Virgin Mary in the Cleveland Museum of Art, Paintings of Virgin Mary in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, Paintings of Virgin Mary in the National Gallery of Art, Paintings of Virgin Mary in the National Gallery, London, Paintings of Virgin Mary in the National Museum of Capodimonte (Naples), Paintings of Virgin Mary in the Nationalmuseum Stockholm, Paintings of Virgin Mary in the Philadelphia Museum of Art, Early Netherlandish paintings of Virgin Mary, Paintings of Saint Luke painting the Virgin, Frescos of the presentation of Jesus Christ at the Temple, Frescos of the Presentation of Virgin Mary, Frescos of the Litany of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Vie de la Vierge (Notre-Dame-de-l'Assomption, Monswiller), Prefigurations of the Virgin Mary in Maria Hilf (Klosterlechfeld), Resurrection of Christ and Women at the Tomb by Fra Angelico (San Marco cell 8), Paintings of the Crucifixion with Virgin Mary, Saint John and Mary Magdalene, 14th-century paintings of the Crucifixion with Virgin Mary, Saint John and Mary Magdalene, 15th-century paintings of the Crucifixion with Virgin Mary, Saint John and Mary Magdalene, 16th-century paintings of the Crucifixion with Virgin Mary, Saint John and Mary Magdalene, 17th-century paintings of the Crucifixion with Virgin Mary, Saint John and Mary Magdalene, 18th-century paintings of the Crucifixion with Virgin Mary, Saint John and Mary Magdalene, 19th-century paintings of the Crucifixion with Virgin Mary, Saint John and Mary Magdalene, Lamentation (Gerard David - Philadelphia Museum of Art), Gloria della Vergine con l'arcangelo Michele che vince sul demonio tentatore, Madonna and Child in Glory - Francesco Botticini - Louvre INV 590, Madonna and Child in Glory with Saint Bruno by Guercino (Pinacoteca Nazionale, Bologna), Madonna and Child in glory with Saints (Scarani Altarpiece) by Pietro Perugino (Pinacoteca Nazionale - Bologna), Madonna and Child with Saints and Donator by Daniele Crespi, Madonna and Saints by Lorenzo Lotto (Sedrina), Madonna and Saints by Niccol Circignani (Umbertide), Madonna col Bambino in gloria e santi (Salmeggia), Madonna in Glory by Amico Aspertini (Museo Nazionale di Villa Guinigi), Madonna in Glory with Saint John the Baptist and Saint Stephan - Michelangelo Anselmi - Louvre INV 67, Madonna in glory, Angels and Martyrs by Volterrano, Madonna with Child and saints (Moretto da Brescia - Pinacoteca Tosio Martinengo), Paintings of the Virgin Mary with Saint Joachim and Saint Anne, Paintings of Madonna and Child with Saint Anne, Paintings of the Crucifixion with Virgin Mary and Saint John, Christ on the Cross with Mary and St John by Altdorfer, Crucifixion by Antonello da Messina (National Gallery, London), Paintings of the Adoration of the Magi with putti, Paintings of Adoration by the Shepherds with putti, Paintings of Assumption of Mary with putti, Paintings of the Flight into Egypt with putti, Paintings of Madonna and Child with putti, The Marriage of the Virgin - Luca Giordano - Louvre MI 868, Paintings of the nativity of Jesus Christ with putti, Raphael's Disputation of the Holy Sacrament, Sorrowful Madonna and Saint John by Sassetta, glise Saint-Martin de Bonneuil-sur-Marne, National Museum of Art, Architecture and Design, Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mercy, collection of the National Gallery Prague, National Library of Wales Framed works of art collection, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paintings_of_Virgin_Mary&oldid=702297471, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, painting by Unknown artist of the Italian-Cretan School, by an unknown artist, showing the pregnant Virgin Mary, painting attributed to Aertgen Claesz. ), Victor Lasareff, "Studies in the Iconography of the Virgin", m. Mundell, "Monophysite church decoration".