The native name of Chenab, "Chandrabhaga", represents the union of Chandra and Bhaga rivers downstream. Glacier size class distribution according to aspect shows that ~50% of glaciers (>10km2) are oriented toward the east (Table 2a; Fig. The Landsat ETM+ image of 2000 is available in the processing level L1T (radio-metrically calibrated and orthorectified using GCPs and DEM) and Landsat TM image of 1989 processed to L1G (radio-metrically calibrated and non-orthorectified) (Tucker and others, Reference Tucker, Grant and Dykstra2004). Our analysis of NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data also suggests strong warming trends in winter and weaker cooling in summer, suggesting a lower annual variability which is one of the regional causes of glacial waning. The Chenab rises from the South-East and Bhaga from the North-West of the Baralacha pass. Fig. The area of exposed rocks in the upper section of glaciers was mapped and the calculated area was deducted from the total glaciated area, considering that the ice was lost from these rock faces. Area loss according to glacier morphological type between 1971 and 2016 in the Jankar Chhu Watershed. It has been cultivated in France for nearly 1300 years. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. Both Indus and Sutlej originate in Tibetan Plateau, passing through the state of Jammu and Kashmir before entering into Pakistan. Several interlinked global glaciers inventory initiatives exist, such as World Glacier Monitoring Service (WGMS; Haeberli and others, Reference Haeberli, Bosch, Scherler, Ostrem and Wallen1989), Global Land Ice Measurements from Space (GLIMS; Raup and others, Reference Raup2007), GlobGlacier project (Paul and others, Reference Paul2009), Randolph Glacier Inventory (RGI; Pfeffer and others, Reference Pfeffer2014), Glacier Area Mapping for Discharge in Asian Mountains (GAMDAM; Nuimura and others, Reference Nuimura2015) and International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD; Bajracharya and Shrestha, Reference Bajracharya and Shrestha2011; Bajracharya and others, Reference Bajracharya2015). Thamban, Meloth The JCW consists of 153 glaciers (>0.02 km2) with a total area of 185.6 3.8 km2 that include 82 glaciers with debris-covered ablation zone, comprising 10.9% of the total glacierized area as in 2016. Singh Bisht, Mahendra Pratap Based on Corona and Landsat images, Chand and Sharma (Reference Chand and Sharma2015) recorded much lower retreat rate (~0.10.1% a) in Ravi basin of Himachal Himalaya. Meraj, Gowhar Kulkarni, Anil V. It is important to differentiate between snow packs and small glaciers (<0.5km2 in size) as some snow packs can sustain for several years. The background image is Sentinel 2A (1243 bands) (left) and shaded relief map from ASTER GDEM v2 (right). (b) Plateau glacier. "corePageComponentUseShareaholicInsteadOfAddThis": true, Bhutiyani and others (Reference Bhutiyani, Kale and Pawar2010) also described significant decreasing trends in the monsoon precipitation during the period 18662006. "coreDisableEcommerceForArticlePurchase": false, Glacier area loss according to elevation zones between 1971 and 2016 in the Jankar Chhu Watershed. The upper accumulation region exhibits no visible changes during the study period (Fig. Singh, Gulab The average snow and glacier runoff contribution to the annual flow of the Chenab River at Akhnoor is estimated to be about 49 percent. The higher rate of glacier retreat could be a result of an overestimation of glacier cover in the SoI maps as reported by previous studies (Bhambri and others, Reference Bhambri, Bolch, Chaujar and Kulshreshtha2011; Chand and Sharma, Reference Chand and Sharma2015). (a) A rectified subset of Corona image (28 September 1971) based on projective transform and spline method with similar year glacier outline. 11a). 2021. 10). Garg, Siddhi Therefore, Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi and Beas are the rivers originating in India and flowing to Pakistan. Has data issue: false The resultant uncertainties are within the range reported by earlier studies (Bhambri and others, Reference Bhambri, Bolch, Chaujar and Kulshreshtha2011; Paul and others, Reference Paul2013). However, none of the initiatives has resulted in an accurate and complete glacier inventory for the Himalayan region. Glacier types (left) and sizes (right) in the Jankar Chhu Watershed, Lahaul Himalaya in 2016. The number of glaciers in the JCW increased by four between 1971 and 2016 due to fragmentation. 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Fig. Drang-Drung Glacier. Ice and snow areas directly above bergschrunds were not included in the glacier outlines (cf. Therefore, a subset of 41 glaciers out of 127 glaciers was computed for change detection for three distinct time period: 19711989, 19892000 and 20002016. Tributaries: Dibang, Lohit, Siang, Burhi Dihing, Tista, and Dhansari. Glaciers lost less area (0.10.1% a) during 19712000 than 20002016 (0.20.2% a). Prasad, Veena Table 4. Chenab) Kulkarni and others (Reference Kulkarni2007) found that glaciers <1km2 in size lost 38% (~1% a) of area between 1962 (SoI maps) and 2001/04. Srinivasalu, Pradeep The two headwaters of the Chenab River, Chandra and Bhaga, originate near the Baralacha Pass.The Bhaga river originates from Surya taal lake, which is situated a few of kilometers from the pass towards Manali. Smaller glaciers (<1km2) lost 14.32.1% of ice, while glaciers >10km2 in size lost 4.62.2%, which is a common trend between glacier size and average shrinkage rate. Making it one of the few reported occurrences of the strategic mineral in India. An example of glacier changes between 1971 and 2016 in the Jankar Chhu Watershed, Lahaul Himalaya (see Fig. The Geological Survey of India (GSI) also attempted a glacier inventory based on the SoI topographic maps, aerial photographs and satellite images for the Indian Himalaya (Raina and Srivastava, Reference Raina and Srivastava2008). It is the largest . All subsets were co-registered based on two operational approaches suggested by Bolch and others (Reference Bolch2010b): (1) projective transformation was performed based on ground control points (GCPs) and the ASTER GDEM using ERDAS Imagine 14; followed by (2) spline adjustment using ESRI ArcGIS 10.2.2. Bara Shigri feeds the Chandra River which after its confluence at Tandi with the Bhaga River is known as Chandrabhaga or Chenab. Analysis indicates that glacier recession has slightly increased in recent decades (20002016) as compared with 19711989 (Table 3b). Clean-ice glacier area decreased from 183.42.1km2 (1971) to 161.63.2km2 (2016), a decrease of 11.92% (Table 3a). and This study provides a comprehensive multi-temporal glacier fluctuations record for the JCW, Chandrabhaga basin, Lahaul Himalaya between 1971 and 2016. Field photographs (201517) showing the terminus characteristics of select glaciers in the Jankar Chhu Watershed (see Fig. 1b for location). km, with an average terminus retreat of 1100.232.1 m (22.50.7 m per year).[4]. 11a). Glacier area and elevation data derived from Sentinel 2A (1 November 2016) and ASTER GDEM v2. The availability of long-term instrumental climatic records and field-based measurements (e.g. Kumar, Vinit Change analysis based on Corona (1971), Landsat (2000) and Sentinel 2A (2016) was restricted to 127 glaciers owing to the presence of cloud cover on 26 glaciers in 1971. Distribution of glaciers according to aspect in the Jankar Chhu Watershed. Tripathi, Sakshi 12). This mountain glacier, also known as Drung Glacier, is India's fifth tallest. For comparison and cross-check, vector shapefile derived from: (i) glacier outlines of RGIv6.0/GAMDAM (20003) and (ii) ICIMOD (20083) were overlaid with the outlines derived from Sentinel 2A (2016). 9. March/April and this is reduced to about 24% in September/October. Satellite images of three sets of glaciers showing surface area change between 1971 (Corona) and 2016 (Sentinel 2A) (left panel). Many studies have already highlighted that smaller glaciers are characterized by a higher rate of decrease in area as compared with larger glaciers (Bolch and others, 2010; Bhambri and others, Reference Bhambri, Bolch, Chaujar and Kulshreshtha2011; Schmidt and Nsser, Reference Schmidt and Nsser2012; Negi and others, Reference Negi, Saravana, Rout and Snehmani2013; Chand and Sharma, Reference Chand and Sharma2015). It is currently extending to 27.7 kilometres (17 miles) and covers over 126.45 square kilometres (51 square miles). Overlay adjustments were restricted to the lower part of the analyzed 127 glaciers. Distribution of glaciated area in relation to altitudinal zones in the Jankar Chhu Watershed. Glacier area and elevation data derived from Sentinel 2A (1 November 2016) and ASTER GDEM v2. . 7a). 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It is located in Uttarakhand and Raktvarn, Chaturangi & Kirti are its major tributary glaciers. All you need to know about Chenin Blanc: A quick guide [Solved] Chenab River originates from_______. - Testbook.com Left Bank: Zanskar, Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas and Sutlej. Table 3. Derived glacier parameters (2016) for the Jankar Chhu Watershed based on Sentinel 2A and ASTER GDEM v2. Glacier area change studies carried out across the Himalaya have been given in Supplementary Table S5. It is one of the 5 major rivers of the Punjab region. Patel, Lavkush Kumar Bara-lacha la - Wikipedia and Garg, Purushottam Kumar (b) Plateau glacier. 12), but the MAT increases significantly between 1997 and 2016. Pradesh, India. ; The two streams, the Chandra and the Bhaga join at Tandi in Himachal Pradesh forming the Chenab river (also known as the Chandrabhaga river). Chenab, Beas, Miyar, Parbati, Tirungkhad and Baspa). Sattar, Ashim Shukla, Tanuj Fig. Negi and others (Reference Negi, Saravana, Rout and Snehmani2013) reported that MAT increased by ~2.2C (~0.07C a) and winter snowfall decreased by ~242.1cm (8.3cm a) for Patsio between 1983 and 2011. Swarnim Das, Suresh Satellite data and Digital Elevation Model (DEM) used in this study. 2019. For instance, glaciers in the Bhaga basin retreated at ~0.8% a, in Chenab at ~0.5% a, in Miyar at ~0.2% a, in Warwan at ~0.5% a between 1962 and 2001/04 (Kulkarni and others, Reference Kulkarni2007; Kulkarni, Reference Kulkarni2010) (Supplementary Table S5). It flows west through Jammu and Kashmir union territorythe Indian-administered portion of the disputed Kashmir region)between the steep cliffs of the Siwalik Range (south) and the Lesser Himalayas (north). The word Siachen means 'plenty of roses'. and It is difficult to ascertain the reason whether the elevation or little accumulation area is a factor for the rapid recession of small glaciers in the JCW. Whether such a response is to be related to reduce precipitation is not readily recognized. [Solved] Brahmaputra river originates from - Testbook.com (d) Simple (mountain) basin glacier with partly debris-covered ice. According to Hugh Whistler's 1924 writing, "Shigri is applied par-excellence to one particular glacier that emerges from the mountains on the left bank of the Chenab. The region falls under the monsoon-arid transition zone. Zhang, Xiaona Singh, Ajit Rashid, Irfan Glacier mapping, inventory and change analysis were carried out for the JCW, Chandrabhaga basin, Lahaul Himalaya from various temporal, multi-spectral and medium to high-resolution satellite image sources (Table 1). In addition, no studies exist that use declassified Corona images for glacier change analysis in the JCW. Our analysis of glacier area change for the JCW also confirms published trends as reported by Pandey and Venkataraman (Reference Pandey and Venkataraman2013) and Birajdar and others (Reference Birajdar, Venkataraman, Bahuguna and Samant2014) (Supplementary Table S5). Class 11 Geography NCERT Solutions Chapter 3 Drainage System and Glacier area has been lost at heterogeneous rates since 1971 in the JCW (Supplementary Table S2). It . Triangle, rhombus, circle, plus, cross and square represent valley, plateau, simple (mountain) basin, cirque, hanging and compound (mountain) basin glacier, respectively. Another way to assess the accuracy of glacier boundary extraction via low to medium-resolution images is to compare the extracted boundaries with higher resolution satellite image (Paul and others, Reference Paul, Huggel, Kb, Kellenberger and Maisch2002, Reference Paul2013). Since 19501990, MAT showed negative trend, while in recent decades (19902017), MAT increased at a significant rate (Fig. Romshoo, Shakil A. The characteristics of glacier distribution were examined by statistically analyzing the relations between topographic parameters and glacier area (Svoboda and others, Reference Svoboda and Paul2009). Sharma, Milap Chand The Tawi, Indus, Chenab, and Ravi are the other important rivers running across the state. An example of glacier changes between 1971 and 2016 in the Jankar Chhu Watershed, Lahaul Himalaya (see Fig. Both Indus and Sutlej originate in Tibetan Plateau, passing through the state of Jammu and Kashmir before entering into Pakistan. Glaciers >10km2 in size witnessed minimum area loss of 3.01.5km2 (4.62.2 or 0.10.1% a) mainly due to lowest mean elevation (i.e. For Landsat TM (1989) and pan-sharpened ETM+ imagery (2000), glaciers were manually mapped using mid-infraredredgreen bands (Fig. Fig. "corePageComponentGetUserInfoFromSharedSession": true, The Hindu KushKarakoramHimalayan (HKH) region is the storehouse of fresh water of South Asia (Raina and Srivastava, Reference Raina and Srivastava2008; Bajracharya and others, Reference Bajracharya2015). Sharma, Milap Chand 6. Meghna Known as Barack river in India. CI, clean ice; DC, debris-covered ice. (b) Glacier coverage in the Jankar Chhu Watershed based on Sentinel 2A (1 November 2016) imagery; red and green stars represent field visited and mapped glaciers from Landsat TM (9 October 1989), respectively. Glaciers between 0.5 and 1km2 in size lost maximum area (21.32 or 0.50.1% a) from 1971 to 2016 (Table 4; Fig. Birajdar and others (Reference Birajdar, Venkataraman, Bahuguna and Samant2014) observed retreat rate of 0.160.1% a in Bhaga basin from 2001 to 2011 which is similar to our result (0.170.01% a). The Jhelum River flows through the Jammu & Kashmir state of India and then enters Pakistan. Based on satellite imagery, Garg and others (Reference Garg, Shukla, Tiwari and Jasrotia2017a) reported lower retreat rate for Sakchum (~0.15% a), Chhota Shigri (~0.06% a) and Bara Shigri (~0.04% a) glaciers in upper Chenab basin between 1993 and 2014 (Supplementary Table S5). (Chenab) basin, Lahaul Himalaya were worked out based on Corona and Sentinel 2A images between 1971 and 2016. . Interestingly, in the present analysis, we obtained more glaciers (8 or ~6%) as well as a larger glacierized area (~8.26km2 or ~5%) a decade later in 2016 (Supplementary Table S4). Debris-covered ice increased from 12.60.2km2 (1971) to 19.80.4km2 (2016), an increase of 56.83.3% (Table 3a). The Zemu glacier is the largest in the Eastern Himalayas in Sikkim. Comparison of outlines for 30 select glaciers derived from Sentinel 2A and GE yields an uncertainty of 0.9km2 (~0.6%) (Supplementary Table S1). In absolute term, large glaciers lost more area than small glaciers (Fig. Fig. Shukla, Uma Kant Several signs of movement (based on overlays of multi-temporal images) such as issuing meltwater streams at the end of the terminus, breaks in surface slope, spectral color differences and the presence of small meltwater ponds were employed for identification of the most likely position of the glacier termini in the study (Bhambri and others, Reference Bhambri, Bolch, Chaujar and Kulshreshtha2011; Chand and Sharma, Reference Chand and Sharma2015). debris-covered ice, supraglacial ponds, etc.). It originates from a glacier near Bokhar Chu in the Kailash Mansarovar range at an altitude of 4164m. Owing to the difficult geometry of the Corona imagery (Schmidt and Nsser, Reference Schmidt and Nsser2012; Bhambri and others, Reference Bhambri, Bolch, Chaujar and Kulshreshtha2011, Reference Bhambri, Bolch and Chaujar2012), three subsets of three Corona forward strips were generated in the present study. Estimation of Snow and Glacier-Melt Contribution to the Chenab River In Warwan-Bhut region of Chenab basin, Brahmbhatt and others (Reference Brahmbhatt2017) reported area loss of 11% (~0.3% a) based on SoI maps (1962) and LISS III (2001) images. Field measurement reveals that debris thickness on glaciers varies from 5 to 60cm (Fig. The Corona (KH-4B) images of 1971, with minimal seasonal snow cover as well as cloud cover acquired from the United States Geological Survey (USGS; http://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/), were used to extract the extent of baseline glacier boundaries in the JCW. GCPs, ground control points; RMSE, root-mean-square error; Pan, panchromatic; KH-4B: keyhole-4B; TM: Thematic Mapper; ETM: Enhanced Thematic Mapper; MSI: multispectral instrument; VIS: visible; IR: infrared; TR: thermal; MIR, mid-infrared; SWIR, shortwave infrared. In addition, summer cooling has been reported in some part of the Western Himalaya and upper Indus basin during the last two decades of the 20th century (Yadav and others, Reference Yadav, Park, Singh and Dubey2004; Bhutiyani and others, Reference Bhutiyani, Kale and Pawar2007; Rajbhandari and others, Reference Rajbhandari, Shrestha, Kulkarni, Patwardhan and Bajracharya2014). At the same time, SBAS InSAR can monitor the deformation of the ground for a long time, the monitoring accuracy can reach mm level, and can obtain the time series change of deformation, whcih .